Bladder cancer is a general term for malignant growths (tumours) that form in the tissues of the bladder. The bladder is the organ that stores urine and is located in the pelvis. The most common form of bladder cancer is urothelial (transitional) cell carcinoma which starts in the cells that comprise the inner lining of the bladder. Others include squamous cell carcinoma (cancer that forms in thin, flat cells) and adenocarcinoma (cancer that starts in cells that produce mucus and other fluids).

The symptoms of bladder cancer include blood in the urine as well as painful and frequent urination. However, these symptoms can also be caused by non-cancerous infections. Smoking is thought to be one of the main reasons causing bladder cancer. Moreover, studies have shown that drinking high quantities of water can reduce the risk of bladder cancer. Many cases of bladder cancer are caused by exposure to dangerous materials at work, usually metal, textile or rubber industry. Another significant risk factor of bladder cancer is frequent occurrences of this condition in the family history. Cancer experts suggest this might be due to inheritance of lesser ability to break down cancer-causing materials, thus becoming more vulnerable to tobacco smoke and certain industrial chemicals.

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